The phase of the business cycle is also included.Also the composition of unemployment and the cost of unemployment.
Saturday, 15 May 2010
Unemployment and Inflation-HADIZA
This lecture focuses on the rate and nature of unemployment,it involves two things,the claimant and the standardised unemployment.Also looking at the duration of unemployment which is the inflow and out flow from the stock of unemployment,it shows people from jobs,from outside the labour office and To jobs.
Balance Of Payments and Exchange Rates-HADIZA
Balance of payments accounts are records of transactions of the economy accounts.the currents accounts deals with records of trade in goods and trades in services,that is the visible and invisible balance.Secondly.the capital involve investments in another country,which has to pass through the border.Also the financial and portfolio investments,there are also some financial derivatives.
The overall balance of payments,thoeratically is suppose to end at zero but when all the accounts added we some up with net errors and emissions.if balance of payments balances we only have to worry about the components.
Aggregate Demand and Supply Curve-HADIZA
This lecture talks about the aggregate demand curve,which is another name for income.it looks at income from a different perspective,there is connection between the demand and supply curve,the higher the price the lower the demand.There are reasons basically,why the aggregate demand curves slope downwards,which are the import effect,the interest rate effect and saving effect,whereas the aggregate supply curve generally slope upwards.
Tuesday, 11 May 2010
Balance of Payments and Exchange Rates Wang wenjing
Balance of payments and exchange rates account reflects a period of time a country of all economic transactions with foreign income and expenditure flow meter. It is a country with other countries in the process of economic and technological exchanges occurred in trade, non-trade, capital transactions and the actual dynamic reserve assets recorded by the system is an important tool for the international balance of payments accounting. Through the international balance of payments can be consolidated to reflect a country's international balance of payments position, revenue and expenditure structure and increase or decrease in reserve assets changes, for the development of foreign economic policy, analysis on the basic economic factors of international balance of payments, to take corresponding provide the basis for regulatory measures, and other accounting related to foreign parts of the table to provide basic information. Balance of payments and exchange rates is a statistical table, which records a particular form, sorting the balance of payments of a country or region details.
Monday, 10 May 2010
Lecture 3：Balance of Payments and Exchange Rates -- Cathy
The balance of payments accounts are including the different aspects of content.
● Meaning of the balance of payments.
● The current account (trade in goods and services).
● The capital account.
● The financial account.
─ Investment (direct and portfolio).
─ Other financial flows (mainly short term).
─ Financial lerivatives.
─ Flows to and from reserves (offical balance).
● Overall balance of payments.
● If the balance of payments always balance, why do we worry about it? The answer is that we only worry about the components of the balance of payment.
● The current account.
─ The story is tells about our economy. For example, the success of manufactures versus services.
─ The contribution it makes to aggregate demand. For example, export led growth.
● The capital or financial account.
─ Particularly increases.
─ Decreases in debt.
● The reserves of gold and foreign exchange.
● Meaning of the balance of payments.
● The current account (trade in goods and services).
● The capital account.
● The financial account.
─ Investment (direct and portfolio).
─ Other financial flows (mainly short term).
─ Financial lerivatives.
─ Flows to and from reserves (offical balance).
● Overall balance of payments.
● If the balance of payments always balance, why do we worry about it? The answer is that we only worry about the components of the balance of payment.
● The current account.
─ The story is tells about our economy. For example, the success of manufactures versus services.
─ The contribution it makes to aggregate demand. For example, export led growth.
● The capital or financial account.
─ Particularly increases.
─ Decreases in debt.
● The reserves of gold and foreign exchange.
Balance of payments and exchange rates -----Eileen 07/05/2010
The balance of payments accounts are a record of the international transactions of the economy .the current account records trade in goods and services as well as transfer payments. The capital account in goods records purchases and sales of asserts.
The overall balance-of-payments surplus is the sum of the current and capital accounts surpluses. If the overall balance is in deficit, we have to make to us. The foreign currency for making these payments is supplied by central banks.
Partically increases/decrese in debt the reserves of gold and foreign exchange money inflows economy.
The capital account include the financial account such as investment,direct ,protifillio(save money need investment)other financial flows (main short term)bring money .and financial derivatives (cash market ,you pay cash to today)and in vestment ,flow to and from reserves (official balance).
The overall balance-of-payments surplus is the sum of the current and capital accounts surpluses. If the overall balance is in deficit, we have to make to us. The foreign currency for making these payments is supplied by central banks.
Partically increases/decrese in debt the reserves of gold and foreign exchange money inflows economy.
The capital account include the financial account such as investment,direct ,protifillio(save money need investment)other financial flows (main short term)bring money .and financial derivatives (cash market ,you pay cash to today)and in vestment ,flow to and from reserves (official balance).
Monday, 3 May 2010
Aggregate Demand and Supply--Cathy
The aggregate demand curve inclued four aspects of content:
- Employment (employer and employee)
- Income (demand and supply)
- Inflation
- Payment (balance of payment)
Now, I will talking about income. At the same time, we have some things to think.
The first thing is income and why aggregate demand curves slope downwards? Because of import effect (Y=C+I+G+X-M), The second reason is that interest-rate effect (if price level goes up, the income goes down), the third reason is that savings effect (if price goes up, people choose savings more, it is lead to spent less and worse less).
Another thing is that the aggregate supply curve. At the same time, we are also need to think about that why eggregate supply aurve generally slope upwards ? If price going up everywhere, we have more advantage or disadvantage.
Friday, 30 April 2010
Aggregate demand and supply Pre-fundation Wang Wenjing
The reason why the aggregate demand curve sloping upward to the right because of the money supply is constant, lower prices, resulting in LM curve moving to the right, the market interest rates, investment levels increase, national income increases; and vice versa.
Aggregate demand curve changes on equilibrium national
income and prices
① underemployed aggregate supply curve
Changes in aggregate demand lead to changes in equilibrium of national income in the same direction, while the equilibrium price unchanged.
② Short-term aggregate supply curve
Changes in aggregate demand, leading to a balanced income and price changes are into the same direction.
③ long-term aggregate supply curve
Changes in aggregate demand lead to changes in equilibrium price in the same direction, while the balance of national income unchanged.
Aggregate demand curve changes on equilibrium national
income and prices
① underemployed aggregate supply curve
Changes in aggregate demand lead to changes in equilibrium of national income in the same direction, while the equilibrium price unchanged.
② Short-term aggregate supply curve
Changes in aggregate demand, leading to a balanced income and price changes are into the same direction.
③ long-term aggregate supply curve
Changes in aggregate demand lead to changes in equilibrium price in the same direction, while the balance of national income unchanged.
Monday, 26 April 2010
Updates to Study Direct site: Pre Foundation
Hi everyone
Here's a link to the site. You can now listen to Julian's second lecture (business law), which I want you to summarise and post HERE on this blog please.
I have also uploaded an enhanced video/podcast of my Study Skills lecture today- use it to listen again to anything you didn't understand properly.
Good luck!
Tom
Here's a link to the site. You can now listen to Julian's second lecture (business law), which I want you to summarise and post HERE on this blog please.
I have also uploaded an enhanced video/podcast of my Study Skills lecture today- use it to listen again to anything you didn't understand properly.
Good luck!
Tom
Saturday, 24 April 2010
HADIZA-SUMMARY LECTURE TWO
There 3ways of measuring the national income
-Measure income
-Grows
-Fluctuates.
Also there are 3 ways of measuring gross domestic products (GDP)
The product method
.Double counting-not measuring twice
.Measuring value added-not adding to another
.Gross value added(GVA)
the qualifications:
.stock-income in one way or another
.government services-add up there income-salaries
.ownership of dwelling-national income
.taxes and subsidies production-very high rate.
The income method
.add factors earning: land-profit interest rent/ labour-wages and salaries /capital-profit interest rent.
the qualifications:
.stock appreciation-what comes in
.transfer payments-
.direct taxes-taxes and subsidies on products
The expenditure method
.Y=C+G+I+X-M
.gross national income GNY
.net national income NNY.
We need to take into account some basic things
.inflation-changing prices can confuse us
.population-it matters
.purchasing power (PPP measures)
Also looking at the national statistics
suitable measures of living standards,we have non-marketed items-items excluded
the underground economy-people selling drugs and it is not recorded
externalities-pollution production-poor indicator of welfare.
the production of regrettables-nuclear weapons-maintenance
distribution of income-same size but different income-the poor and the rich.
HADIZA-MACROECONOMICS SUMMARY ONE
Macroeconomics focuses on how to measure the national income,the Scope is divided into three
Economic growth;it shows how fast it grows. Unemployment;it indicates that no enough income to go around and must people will be unemployed. Inflation;it makes life difficult.
There are major macroeconomics issues, the government policy-choosing between the macroeconomics theory. In choosing priorities the circular flow of income comes first.
THEORY----DATA
Richard stones used his work to say that some things are missing: investments-income-tax returns. also looking at the injections we have.
Investments-companies investments-railway lines
Government expenditure-peoples pension,schooling etc
Export expenditure-moved to other countries.
The companies and households are the factors
BANK-net saving-financial GOVERNMENT-net taxes-investments ABROAD-import expenditure-export expenditure.
There are relationships between injections and withdrawals
. The links between them
.Planned injections may not equal planned withdrawals.
Etc
There 3ways of measuring national income
-The product method-how much we produce:land labour and capital
-The income method-how much we earn
Expenditure method-retail shops-GNY NNY
Friday, 23 April 2010
Summaries of the economic lecture ----Cathy
The national economy measuring national income and the relationship between injections and withdrawals. Although the links between them, however,planned injections may not equal planned withdrawals.
Now, I will talk about GDP (Gross Domestic Product) ,it has three ways of meaning:
The first of all ─ The product method
● the problem of double counting● the measuring of value added
● gross value added (GVA)● some qualification
Next ─ The income method● adding factor earnings● some qualification
● stock appreciation
● transfer payments
● direct taxes,taxes and subsidies on products
Last ─ The expenditure method
● gross national income (CNY)
● Net national income (NNY)
● ─Y=C+G+I+X─M
Besides the above mentioned content, still need to pay attention to take account of inflation population and purchasing power (PPP measures) .
Finally, the ational income statistics meaning suitable measures of living standards.it is included that items are excluded (non-marked items and the underground economy) and Production (exteralities,the production of “regrettables” and distribution of income) .
Now, I will talk about GDP (Gross Domestic Product) ,it has three ways of meaning:
The first of all ─ The product method
● the problem of double counting● the measuring of value added
● gross value added (GVA)● some qualification
Next ─ The income method● adding factor earnings● some qualification
● stock appreciation
● transfer payments
● direct taxes,taxes and subsidies on products
Last ─ The expenditure method
● gross national income (CNY)
● Net national income (NNY)
● ─Y=C+G+I+X─M
Besides the above mentioned content, still need to pay attention to take account of inflation population and purchasing power (PPP measures) .
Finally, the ational income statistics meaning suitable measures of living standards.it is included that items are excluded (non-marked items and the underground economy) and Production (exteralities,the production of “regrettables” and distribution of income) .
The national economy measuring national income ---Eileen
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced in the country within a given period. Three ways meaning GDP has the product method , the income method , and the expenditure mothod.The circular flow of national income and expenditure (1)production (2)incomes(3)expenditure .
The product method including three points ,the fistly,the problem of double counting .Double counting is avoided by working with value added. the secondly, the measuring of value added .only the value added to the good at stage is counted as part of GDP.the thirdly, gross value added (GVA)
As like some qualifications four factors are stocks ;governments services ;ownship of dwellings such as market rental ;taxes and subsidies on products.
The income method including adding factor earnings .but the important that income equal labour ,capital and loan .they represent the profits, interest , rent ,wages and salary.such as some qualification stock appreciation transfer payments and direct taxes, taxes and subsidies on products.
The expenditure method: -Y=C+G+I+X-M Gross national income(GNY)
Net national income (NNY) plus net income from aborad . less captical consumption depreciation ,it need to take account of inflation ,population and purchasing power (ppp measures)
The important of National income statistics meaning suitable measures of living standards.such as items are excluded are consistant non-marked items and the underground economy. Production is point that poor indicator of welfare. Exteralities the production of “regrettables”means that new nuclear weapons poor and rich main tenance the last factor distribution of income.
The product method including three points ,the fistly,the problem of double counting .Double counting is avoided by working with value added. the secondly, the measuring of value added .only the value added to the good at stage is counted as part of GDP.the thirdly, gross value added (GVA)
As like some qualifications four factors are stocks ;governments services ;ownship of dwellings such as market rental ;taxes and subsidies on products.
The income method including adding factor earnings .but the important that income equal labour ,capital and loan .they represent the profits, interest , rent ,wages and salary.such as some qualification stock appreciation transfer payments and direct taxes, taxes and subsidies on products.
The expenditure method: -Y=C+G+I+X-M Gross national income(GNY)
Net national income (NNY) plus net income from aborad . less captical consumption depreciation ,it need to take account of inflation ,population and purchasing power (ppp measures)
The important of National income statistics meaning suitable measures of living standards.such as items are excluded are consistant non-marked items and the underground economy. Production is point that poor indicator of welfare. Exteralities the production of “regrettables”means that new nuclear weapons poor and rich main tenance the last factor distribution of income.
23th April Pre-fundation Wang Wenjing
The concept of accounting earnings：
1, accounting income is based on actual financial services companies to sell products or services obtained sales revenue, less the actual cost incurred by revenue derived.
2, accounting income is based on the assumption the accounting stage, it refers to a particular operating results during the production.
3, calculate the cost of accounting earnings is historical cost column.
4, the determination of accounting income to follow the principle of recognition of income.
5, accounting, revenues and expenses during the income depends on the reasonable ratio.
There are three ways of measuring GDP
a) The product method
1, the problem of double counting
2, the measuring of value added
3, some qualification
b) the income method
1,adding factor earnings
2, some qualification
c) the expenditure method
--Y=C+G+I+X--M
Comparison of two income concepts：
1, all realized gains and income differences. Accounting earnings include only realized gains and unrealized gains and losses excluded, the economic benefits will be holding enterprises operating income and profits the same treatment, regardless of whether benefits have been achieved.
2, the historical cost and the current value of the difference. Follow the principles of historical cost accounting earnings and the matching principle, beneficial to objectively reflect the business management of the business management responsibilities.
3, the financial capital, physical capital preservation and preservation of differences. Maintenance of financial capital maintenance accounting income, that only require owners to put a monetary value is not eroded the value of corporate income over investment as part of that accounting earnings.
1, accounting income is based on actual financial services companies to sell products or services obtained sales revenue, less the actual cost incurred by revenue derived.
2, accounting income is based on the assumption the accounting stage, it refers to a particular operating results during the production.
3, calculate the cost of accounting earnings is historical cost column.
4, the determination of accounting income to follow the principle of recognition of income.
5, accounting, revenues and expenses during the income depends on the reasonable ratio.
There are three ways of measuring GDP
a) The product method
1, the problem of double counting
2, the measuring of value added
3, some qualification
b) the income method
1,adding factor earnings
2, some qualification
c) the expenditure method
--Y=C+G+I+X--M
Comparison of two income concepts：
1, all realized gains and income differences. Accounting earnings include only realized gains and unrealized gains and losses excluded, the economic benefits will be holding enterprises operating income and profits the same treatment, regardless of whether benefits have been achieved.
2, the historical cost and the current value of the difference. Follow the principles of historical cost accounting earnings and the matching principle, beneficial to objectively reflect the business management of the business management responsibilities.
3, the financial capital, physical capital preservation and preservation of differences. Maintenance of financial capital maintenance accounting income, that only require owners to put a monetary value is not eroded the value of corporate income over investment as part of that accounting earnings.
Thursday, 15 April 2010
audio organ donation
http://usiscelpp.wordpress.com/pre-foundation/
Click here to listen to the audio recording we did in class on Wednesday. Remember you need to parpahrase the audio, using your notes and key words and post here on the blog.
Go to 'New Post'
Add your name and the date to the post title.
Tom!
Click here to listen to the audio recording we did in class on Wednesday. Remember you need to parpahrase the audio, using your notes and key words and post here on the blog.
Go to 'New Post'
Add your name and the date to the post title.
Tom!
Audio for Organ Donation
Listen and paraphrase here, using a new post:
TRANSPLANT AUDIO GRAMMAR DICTATION OUP 1990
Listen to this audio again and parpahrase it (in your own words). You can post your paraphrase in the Pre Foundation blog
Make sure you create your ‘new post’ title like this:
SURNAME, First name Organ donation Summary
TRANSPLANT AUDIO GRAMMAR DICTATION OUP 1990
Listen to this audio again and parpahrase it (in your own words). You can post your paraphrase in the Pre Foundation blog
Make sure you create your ‘new post’ title like this:
SURNAME, First name Organ donation Summary
Tuesday, 13 April 2010
Homework for Friday- Summary
Hi everyone,
For this Friday, please post your summaries of the lecture on Macroeconomics. Summaries should be no more than 250 words and include the main ideas only from the lecture!
Good luck,
Jennifer
For this Friday, please post your summaries of the lecture on Macroeconomics. Summaries should be no more than 250 words and include the main ideas only from the lecture!
Good luck,
Jennifer
Welcome!
Hello,
Welcome to the Pre-Foundation class blog. This site will be used to post writings, assignments, and any work done by the students throughout the term. In addition, please use this blog to share ideas and suggestions with your fellow students, or to ask your teachers any questions that you may have.
I hope you will use this blog as a tool to help develop your English and academic skills, as well as to communicate both inside and outside of class.
Good luck this term!
=-)
Jennifer
Welcome to the Pre-Foundation class blog. This site will be used to post writings, assignments, and any work done by the students throughout the term. In addition, please use this blog to share ideas and suggestions with your fellow students, or to ask your teachers any questions that you may have.
I hope you will use this blog as a tool to help develop your English and academic skills, as well as to communicate both inside and outside of class.
Good luck this term!
=-)
Jennifer
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