The reason why the aggregate demand curve sloping upward to the right because of the money supply is constant, lower prices, resulting in LM curve moving to the right, the market interest rates, investment levels increase, national income increases; and vice versa.
Aggregate demand curve changes on equilibrium national
income and prices
① underemployed aggregate supply curve
Changes in aggregate demand lead to changes in equilibrium of national income in the same direction, while the equilibrium price unchanged.
② Short-term aggregate supply curve
Changes in aggregate demand, leading to a balanced income and price changes are into the same direction.
③ long-term aggregate supply curve
Changes in aggregate demand lead to changes in equilibrium price in the same direction, while the balance of national income unchanged.
Friday, 30 April 2010
Monday, 26 April 2010
Updates to Study Direct site: Pre Foundation
Hi everyone
Here's a link to the site. You can now listen to Julian's second lecture (business law), which I want you to summarise and post HERE on this blog please.
I have also uploaded an enhanced video/podcast of my Study Skills lecture today- use it to listen again to anything you didn't understand properly.
Good luck!
Tom
Here's a link to the site. You can now listen to Julian's second lecture (business law), which I want you to summarise and post HERE on this blog please.
I have also uploaded an enhanced video/podcast of my Study Skills lecture today- use it to listen again to anything you didn't understand properly.
Good luck!
Tom
Saturday, 24 April 2010
HADIZA-SUMMARY LECTURE TWO
There 3ways of measuring the national income
-Measure income
-Grows
-Fluctuates.
Also there are 3 ways of measuring gross domestic products (GDP)
The product method
.Double counting-not measuring twice
.Measuring value added-not adding to another
.Gross value added(GVA)
the qualifications:
.stock-income in one way or another
.government services-add up there income-salaries
.ownership of dwelling-national income
.taxes and subsidies production-very high rate.
The income method
.add factors earning: land-profit interest rent/ labour-wages and salaries /capital-profit interest rent.
the qualifications:
.stock appreciation-what comes in
.transfer payments-
.direct taxes-taxes and subsidies on products
The expenditure method
.Y=C+G+I+X-M
.gross national income GNY
.net national income NNY.
We need to take into account some basic things
.inflation-changing prices can confuse us
.population-it matters
.purchasing power (PPP measures)
Also looking at the national statistics
suitable measures of living standards,we have non-marketed items-items excluded
the underground economy-people selling drugs and it is not recorded
externalities-pollution production-poor indicator of welfare.
the production of regrettables-nuclear weapons-maintenance
distribution of income-same size but different income-the poor and the rich.
HADIZA-MACROECONOMICS SUMMARY ONE
Macroeconomics focuses on how to measure the national income,the Scope is divided into three
Economic growth;it shows how fast it grows. Unemployment;it indicates that no enough income to go around and must people will be unemployed. Inflation;it makes life difficult.
There are major macroeconomics issues, the government policy-choosing between the macroeconomics theory. In choosing priorities the circular flow of income comes first.
THEORY----DATA
Richard stones used his work to say that some things are missing: investments-income-tax returns. also looking at the injections we have.
Investments-companies investments-railway lines
Government expenditure-peoples pension,schooling etc
Export expenditure-moved to other countries.
The companies and households are the factors
BANK-net saving-financial GOVERNMENT-net taxes-investments ABROAD-import expenditure-export expenditure.
There are relationships between injections and withdrawals
. The links between them
.Planned injections may not equal planned withdrawals.
Etc
There 3ways of measuring national income
-The product method-how much we produce:land labour and capital
-The income method-how much we earn
Expenditure method-retail shops-GNY NNY
Friday, 23 April 2010
Summaries of the economic lecture ----Cathy
The national economy measuring national income and the relationship between injections and withdrawals. Although the links between them, however,planned injections may not equal planned withdrawals.
Now, I will talk about GDP (Gross Domestic Product) ,it has three ways of meaning:
The first of all ─ The product method
● the problem of double counting● the measuring of value added
● gross value added (GVA)● some qualification
Next ─ The income method● adding factor earnings● some qualification
● stock appreciation
● transfer payments
● direct taxes,taxes and subsidies on products
Last ─ The expenditure method
● gross national income (CNY)
● Net national income (NNY)
● ─Y=C+G+I+X─M
Besides the above mentioned content, still need to pay attention to take account of inflation population and purchasing power (PPP measures) .
Finally, the ational income statistics meaning suitable measures of living standards.it is included that items are excluded (non-marked items and the underground economy) and Production (exteralities,the production of “regrettables” and distribution of income) .
Now, I will talk about GDP (Gross Domestic Product) ,it has three ways of meaning:
The first of all ─ The product method
● the problem of double counting● the measuring of value added
● gross value added (GVA)● some qualification
Next ─ The income method● adding factor earnings● some qualification
● stock appreciation
● transfer payments
● direct taxes,taxes and subsidies on products
Last ─ The expenditure method
● gross national income (CNY)
● Net national income (NNY)
● ─Y=C+G+I+X─M
Besides the above mentioned content, still need to pay attention to take account of inflation population and purchasing power (PPP measures) .
Finally, the ational income statistics meaning suitable measures of living standards.it is included that items are excluded (non-marked items and the underground economy) and Production (exteralities,the production of “regrettables” and distribution of income) .
The national economy measuring national income ---Eileen
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced in the country within a given period. Three ways meaning GDP has the product method , the income method , and the expenditure mothod.The circular flow of national income and expenditure (1)production (2)incomes(3)expenditure .
The product method including three points ,the fistly,the problem of double counting .Double counting is avoided by working with value added. the secondly, the measuring of value added .only the value added to the good at stage is counted as part of GDP.the thirdly, gross value added (GVA)
As like some qualifications four factors are stocks ;governments services ;ownship of dwellings such as market rental ;taxes and subsidies on products.
The income method including adding factor earnings .but the important that income equal labour ,capital and loan .they represent the profits, interest , rent ,wages and salary.such as some qualification stock appreciation transfer payments and direct taxes, taxes and subsidies on products.
The expenditure method: -Y=C+G+I+X-M Gross national income(GNY)
Net national income (NNY) plus net income from aborad . less captical consumption depreciation ,it need to take account of inflation ,population and purchasing power (ppp measures)
The important of National income statistics meaning suitable measures of living standards.such as items are excluded are consistant non-marked items and the underground economy. Production is point that poor indicator of welfare. Exteralities the production of “regrettables”means that new nuclear weapons poor and rich main tenance the last factor distribution of income.
The product method including three points ,the fistly,the problem of double counting .Double counting is avoided by working with value added. the secondly, the measuring of value added .only the value added to the good at stage is counted as part of GDP.the thirdly, gross value added (GVA)
As like some qualifications four factors are stocks ;governments services ;ownship of dwellings such as market rental ;taxes and subsidies on products.
The income method including adding factor earnings .but the important that income equal labour ,capital and loan .they represent the profits, interest , rent ,wages and salary.such as some qualification stock appreciation transfer payments and direct taxes, taxes and subsidies on products.
The expenditure method: -Y=C+G+I+X-M Gross national income(GNY)
Net national income (NNY) plus net income from aborad . less captical consumption depreciation ,it need to take account of inflation ,population and purchasing power (ppp measures)
The important of National income statistics meaning suitable measures of living standards.such as items are excluded are consistant non-marked items and the underground economy. Production is point that poor indicator of welfare. Exteralities the production of “regrettables”means that new nuclear weapons poor and rich main tenance the last factor distribution of income.
23th April Pre-fundation Wang Wenjing
The concept of accounting earnings：
1, accounting income is based on actual financial services companies to sell products or services obtained sales revenue, less the actual cost incurred by revenue derived.
2, accounting income is based on the assumption the accounting stage, it refers to a particular operating results during the production.
3, calculate the cost of accounting earnings is historical cost column.
4, the determination of accounting income to follow the principle of recognition of income.
5, accounting, revenues and expenses during the income depends on the reasonable ratio.
There are three ways of measuring GDP
a) The product method
1, the problem of double counting
2, the measuring of value added
3, some qualification
b) the income method
1,adding factor earnings
2, some qualification
c) the expenditure method
--Y=C+G+I+X--M
Comparison of two income concepts：
1, all realized gains and income differences. Accounting earnings include only realized gains and unrealized gains and losses excluded, the economic benefits will be holding enterprises operating income and profits the same treatment, regardless of whether benefits have been achieved.
2, the historical cost and the current value of the difference. Follow the principles of historical cost accounting earnings and the matching principle, beneficial to objectively reflect the business management of the business management responsibilities.
3, the financial capital, physical capital preservation and preservation of differences. Maintenance of financial capital maintenance accounting income, that only require owners to put a monetary value is not eroded the value of corporate income over investment as part of that accounting earnings.
1, accounting income is based on actual financial services companies to sell products or services obtained sales revenue, less the actual cost incurred by revenue derived.
2, accounting income is based on the assumption the accounting stage, it refers to a particular operating results during the production.
3, calculate the cost of accounting earnings is historical cost column.
4, the determination of accounting income to follow the principle of recognition of income.
5, accounting, revenues and expenses during the income depends on the reasonable ratio.
There are three ways of measuring GDP
a) The product method
1, the problem of double counting
2, the measuring of value added
3, some qualification
b) the income method
1,adding factor earnings
2, some qualification
c) the expenditure method
--Y=C+G+I+X--M
Comparison of two income concepts：
1, all realized gains and income differences. Accounting earnings include only realized gains and unrealized gains and losses excluded, the economic benefits will be holding enterprises operating income and profits the same treatment, regardless of whether benefits have been achieved.
2, the historical cost and the current value of the difference. Follow the principles of historical cost accounting earnings and the matching principle, beneficial to objectively reflect the business management of the business management responsibilities.
3, the financial capital, physical capital preservation and preservation of differences. Maintenance of financial capital maintenance accounting income, that only require owners to put a monetary value is not eroded the value of corporate income over investment as part of that accounting earnings.
Thursday, 15 April 2010
audio organ donation
http://usiscelpp.wordpress.com/pre-foundation/
Click here to listen to the audio recording we did in class on Wednesday. Remember you need to parpahrase the audio, using your notes and key words and post here on the blog.
Go to 'New Post'
Add your name and the date to the post title.
Tom!
Click here to listen to the audio recording we did in class on Wednesday. Remember you need to parpahrase the audio, using your notes and key words and post here on the blog.
Go to 'New Post'
Add your name and the date to the post title.
Tom!
Audio for Organ Donation
Listen and paraphrase here, using a new post:
TRANSPLANT AUDIO GRAMMAR DICTATION OUP 1990
Listen to this audio again and parpahrase it (in your own words). You can post your paraphrase in the Pre Foundation blog
Make sure you create your ‘new post’ title like this:
SURNAME, First name Organ donation Summary
TRANSPLANT AUDIO GRAMMAR DICTATION OUP 1990
Listen to this audio again and parpahrase it (in your own words). You can post your paraphrase in the Pre Foundation blog
Make sure you create your ‘new post’ title like this:
SURNAME, First name Organ donation Summary
Tuesday, 13 April 2010
Homework for Friday- Summary
Hi everyone,
For this Friday, please post your summaries of the lecture on Macroeconomics. Summaries should be no more than 250 words and include the main ideas only from the lecture!
Good luck,
Jennifer
For this Friday, please post your summaries of the lecture on Macroeconomics. Summaries should be no more than 250 words and include the main ideas only from the lecture!
Good luck,
Jennifer
Welcome!
Hello,
Welcome to the Pre-Foundation class blog. This site will be used to post writings, assignments, and any work done by the students throughout the term. In addition, please use this blog to share ideas and suggestions with your fellow students, or to ask your teachers any questions that you may have.
I hope you will use this blog as a tool to help develop your English and academic skills, as well as to communicate both inside and outside of class.
Good luck this term!
=-)
Jennifer
Welcome to the Pre-Foundation class blog. This site will be used to post writings, assignments, and any work done by the students throughout the term. In addition, please use this blog to share ideas and suggestions with your fellow students, or to ask your teachers any questions that you may have.
I hope you will use this blog as a tool to help develop your English and academic skills, as well as to communicate both inside and outside of class.
Good luck this term!
=-)
Jennifer
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